Think of your eyes… Aperture functions exactly as the pupil in your eye does. Depending on the amount of light, the iris can either expand or shrink, controlling the the size of the pupil, which is a hole that allows light to pass further into the eye.
In photography, wide apertures are represented by low f/#, while small apertures are represented by high f/#. This wonderful chart below makes it more clear for you….
Larger Aperture: When you have a large aperture, indicated with a low number like f/1.4 or f/2, the amount of your subject that will be in focus is narrow. Most of your photo will be soft and blurry because very few planes will be in focus. You have a narrow or shallow Depth of Field.
Smaller Aperture: When you have a smaller aperture, indicated with a number like f/16 or f/22, most of your photo will be in focus. Instead of isolating a subject, you can bring many subjects or entire landscapes in focus. Many planes are in focus; you have a wide Depth of Field.
When it comes to Aperture… REMEMBER THIS
Small number = Big Opening = Allows in more light = Less time required for correct exposure = shallow depth of field.
Big number = Small Opening = Reduces amount of light in = More time required for the same exposure = wider depth of field.
So, wait, what is all this talk about depth of field?
Aperture and depth of field always go hand-in-hand! Basically, it determines how much of your photo is in focus and how much of it is blurry {example below}. Depth of field isn't exactly something you can control, however, it's more of a result of how the Aperture is controlled.
Image by wisdoc (Aperture = f/5.6)
This blurry goodness is what we call Bokeh! It can be achieved by having a large aperture and shallow depth of field. Distance can also affect depth of field. If you stand farther away from your subject, the band of focus would be much greater than if you were up real close to it.
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